Dschingis Khan

hyokkose schrieb:
Was heißt denn "nach Hause" für einen Nomaden? Es heißt, mit den Schafen von Weidefläche zu Weidefläche zu ziehen.
Ich glaube, es gab schon der Begriff "zu Hause" oder "nach Hause", auch wenn es sich nicht um ein Haus handelt. Es ist ein ziemlich großes Gebiet, das zu einem Steppenfürst gehört und in dem seine Untertanen mit Erlaubnis von ihrem Fürst ziehen dürften. Also der Fürst entschied, wer wohin ziehen durfte.

Es wäre ein Fehler, wenn man annimmt, daß die Nomaden ohne Plan von Weidefläche zu Weidefläche zogen. Sie wussten ganz genau, in welcher Weidefläche wie viele Nomaden wie lange bleiben durften. Eben diese Weideflächen waren der wichtigste Grund für einen Krieg zwischen Nomadenstämmen.
 
In der Fremde sangen die Mongolen viele Lieder von ihrer heimatlichen Steppe und von den Flüssen dort. Das zeigt, daß sie sehr wohl einen Unterschied zwischen z.b. der Kiptschakensteppe (heutige Ukraine), oder Turkmenistan oder eben ihrer Heimat kannten. Für die Mongolen war Heimat das Gebiet der sogenannten Stammhorde, also die heutige Innere bzw äußere Mongolei und dort nach Stämmen aufgetrennt jeweils das Weideland das der Stamm als seines ansah.
 
mangus schrieb:
Es wäre ein Fehler, wenn man annimmt, daß die Nomaden ohne Plan von Weidefläche zu Weidefläche zogen.
Niemand sagt, daß sie ohne Plan gezogen sind. Nur ist das, was wir hier üblicherweise mit "zu Hause" assoziieren, etwas anders als der nomadische Alltag.
 
Zufällig habe ich von einem anderen Forum folgende Seite gefunden. Sehr interessant.

Chinghis Khan's letter of invitation to Ch'ang ch'un

[p.37] Heaven has abandoned China owing to its haughtiness and extravagant luxury. But I, living in the northern wilderness, have not inordinate passions. I hate luxury and exercise moderation. I have only one coat and one food. I eat the same food and am dressed in the same tatters as my humble herdsmen. I consider the people my //[p.38] children, and take an interest in talented men as if they were my brothers. We always agree in our principles, and we are always united by mutual affection. At military exercises I am always in the front, and in time of battle am never behind. In the space of seven years I have succeeded in accomplishing a great work, and uniting the whole world in one empire. I have not myself dis- tinguished qualities.

But the government of the Kin is inconstant, and therefore Heaven assists me to obtain the throne (of the Kin). The Sung to the south, the Hui ho to the north, the Hia to the east, and the barbarians in the west, all together have acknowledged my supremacy. It seems to me that since the remote time of our shan yü such a vast empire has not been seen. But as my calling is high, the obligations incumbent on me are also heavy; and I fear that in my ruling there may be something wanting. To cross a river we make boats and rudders. Likewise we invite sage men, and choose out assistants for keeping the empire in good order. Since the time I came to the throne I have always taken to heart the ruling of my people; but I could not find worthy men to occupy the places of the three (kung) and the nine (k'ing). With respect to these circumstances I inquired, and heard that thou, master, hast penetrated the truth, and that thou walkest in the path of right. Deeply learned and much experienced, thou hast much explored the laws. Thy sanctity is become manifest. Thou hast conserved the rigorous rules of the ancient sages. Thou art endowed with the eminent talents of celebrated men. For a long time thou hast lived in the caverns of the rocks, and hast retired from //[p.39] the world; but to thee the people who have acquired sanctity repair, like clouds on the path of the immortals, in innumerable multitudes. I knew that after the war thou hadst continued to live in Shan tung, at the same place, and I was always thinking of thee. I know the stories of the returning from the river Wei in the same cart, and of the invitations in the reed hut three times repeated. But what shall I do? We are separated by mountains and plains of great extent, and I cannot meet thee. I can only descend from the throne and stand by the side. I have fasted and washed . I have ordered my adjutant, Liu Chung lu, to prepare an escort and a cart for thee. Do not be afraid of the thousand li. I implore thee to move thy sainted steps. Do not think of the extent of the sandy desert. Commiserate the people in the present situation of affairs, or have pity upon me, and communicate to me the means of preserving life. I shall serve thee myself. I hope that at least thou wilt leave me a trifle of thy wisdom. Say only one word to me and I shall be happy. In this letter I have briefly expressed my thoughts, and hope that thou wilt understand them. I hope also that thou, having penetrated the principles of the great tao, sympathisest with all that is right, and wilt not resist the wishes of the people.

Given on the 1st day of the 5th month (May 15), 1219.


http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/changchun.html
 
Es ist interessant, dass Geoffrey Chaucer (circa 1390, England) in 'The Canterbury Tales' ueber Dschingis Khan so geschrieben:


This noble king was called Genghis Khan
Who in his time was of great renown
That there was nowhere in no region
So excellent a lord in all things
He lacked nothing that belonged to a king
As of the sect of which he was born
He kept his law, to which that he was sworn
And thereto he was hardy, wise, and rich
And piteous and just, always liked
Soothe of his word, benign, and honorable
Of his courage as any center stable
Young, fresh, and strong, in arms desirous
As any bachelor of all his house
A fair person he was and fortunate
And kept always so well royal estate
That there was nowhere such another man
This noble king, the Tartar Genghis Khan
 
Ich finde dieses Gedicht von Chaucer sehr interessant, doch meiner Meinung nach sollte man stark hinterfragen, wie viel von dem poetischen Khan auch mit dem realen Dschingis Khan übereinstimmt.

Vor allem: Wie dachten die Engländer im 12. Jahrhundert über diesen Herrscher? Welche Nachrichten kamen bei ihnen an? Haben sie ihm wirklich Bedeutung beigemeßen?
 
Jack Weatherford
DeWitt Wallace Professor of Anthropology
Macalester College



Chengiz Khan and Nehru

Chengiz Khan, who was the father of the Mongol Nation, and Jawaharlal Nehru, who was the father of modern India, occupy positions in history that are 800 years apart. One lived in a cold northern country where people herded animals, and the other lived in a tropical southern land of farmers. Yet, despite the differences, the two leaders faced common problems of how to unite their own people and to protect them against others.

As an Asian leader, Nehru brought a new perspective to the history of Genghis Khan. For many centuries, Western scholars portrayed Chengiz Khan in a largely negative way. Through his own study of history, however, Nehru discovered that the life of Chengiz Khan offered many important lessons for modern people, including for India in its long and difficult struggle for independence from Britain.

On New Year's Day, 1931 Jawaharlal Nehru sat in the Central Prison in Naini where the Police held him for advocating Indian independence from Great Britain. On this day, he received word that his wife had also been arrested and taken to another prison for incarceration. The newspapers soon reported that his wife had been mistreated. Their daughter Indira had just turned thirteen in October, and the father knew that she would be quite afraid and depressed at this reports, particularly since she could see her parents only once every two weeks. As a New Year's gift for her, he began writing a series of long letters about history. As he wrote to her, since they could not be physically together, he would write and Òthen you will silently come near me and we shall talk of many things.[page 5]

He sought to engage her mind and to give her another perspective on history beside the one that she received from the colonial school system. Over the next three years, he wrote these letters of four or five pages almost daily. In reading them one can see that they were as much a part of his effort to keep up his own spirits and to give himself a sense of purpose in prison as it was to entertain his young daughter.

He described the letters himself as a rambling account of history for young people, but it seemed to be much more than this. It showed his own attempt, as a western educated man, to understand the place of his country of India and his continent of Asia in world history. It was his way to dream of the past, and find our way to make the future greater than the past. [page 5] As he wrote to her in the first letter It would be foolish not to recognize the greatness of Europe. But it would be equally foolish to forget the greatness of Asia.[page 10]

The letters from prison were later collected and published under the title Glimpses of World History: Being Further letters to his daughter written in prison, and containing a rambling account of history for young people, by Jawaharlal Nehru. [1] His comments show that as an Asian man and scholar, he was struggling to understand the historical role of Chengiz Khan. He sees Chengiz Khan as a part of the struggle of Asian people against European domination.

June 25, 1932

In letter Letter 67 of June 25, 1932, Nehru first discussed the Mongols under the title "Chengiz Khan shakes up Asia and Europe". In regard to the Mongol conquests, he wrote:

One can well imagine what the amazement of the Eurasian world must have been at this volcanic eruption. It almost seemed like a great natural calamity, like an earthquake, before which man can do little.

Strong men and women they were, these nomads from Mongolia, used to hardship and living in tents on the wide steppes of northern Asia. But their strength and hard training might not have availed them much if they had not produced a chief who was a most remarkable man. This was the person who is known as Chengiz Khan.

Nehru then described the great Mongol leader.

He was a cautious and careful middle-aged man, and every big thing he did was preceded by thought and preparation.

He also explained that the Urdu word bahatur comes from Mongolian ba'atur. Nehru realized that even though they did not live in cities, the Mongols had a great civilization of their own.

The Mongols were nomads, hating cities and the ways of cities. Many people think that because they were nomads they must have been barbarians. But this is a mistaken idea. They did not know, of course, many of the city arts, but they had developed a way of life of their own and had an intricate organization. If they won great victories on the field of battle, it was not because of their numbers, but because of their discipline and organization. And above all it was due to the brilliant captainship of Chengiz. For Chengiz is, without doubt, the greatest military genius and leader in history. Alexander and Caesar seem petty before him. Chengiz was not only himself a great commander, but he trained many of his generals and made them brilliant leaders. Thousands of miles away from their homelands, surrounded by enemies and a hostile population, they carried on victorious warfare against superior numbers.[page 216]

Nehru recognized that Chengiz Khan did not seek to go to war but that war was thrust upon him by the hostile neighbors surrounding Mongolia.

Chengiz Khan seemed to have had no desire to invade the west. He wanted friendly relations with the Shah or King of Khwarazm.[page 218] Chengiz Khan had a more peaceful intent and purpose. His idea was to combine civilization with nomadic life. But this was not, and is not, possible.[page 219] The Mongol Khan believed in the unchangeable law for ever and ever, and no one could disobey it. Even the emperor was subject to it. [page 220]

Nehru then offered his own personal insight into the great Khan.

I have given you more details and information about Chengiz Khan than was perhaps necessary. But the man fascinates me. Strange, is it not, that this fierce and cruel and violent feudal chief of a nomadic tribe should fascinate a peaceful and non-violent and mild person like me, who am a dweller of cities and a hater of everything feudal! [page 220]

June 26, 1932

Nehru continued his writing on the Mongols in Letter 68 "The Mongols Dominate the World".

He began by pointing out that men of all religions raced to Karakorum in order to convert the Mongols to their religion. [page 222]

But the Mongols continued to patronize all religions without converting to any single one.

Nehru discusses the impact of the Mongols on the Muslim religion.

The destruction of Baghdad in 1258 put an end finally to what remained of the Abbaside Empire. This was the end of the distinctive Arab civilization in western Asia. Far away in southern Spain, Granada still carried on the Arab tradition.

There was no caliph for two years. Then Sultan Baivers of Egypt nominated a relative of the last Abbaside Caliph as Caliph. But he had no political power and was just a spiritual head. Three hundred years later the Turkish Sultan of Constantinople obtained this tittle of Caliph from the last holder. The Turkish Sultans continued to be Caliphs till both Sultan and Caliph were ended a few years ago by Mustafa Kamal Pasha.[page 223]

Although the great Mongol Empire was split up, each one of these five divisions of it was a mighty empire.[page 224]

June 27, 1932

Nehru continued the discussion of the Mongol Empire in Letter 69, "Marco Polo, the Great Traveller". Nehru described the Mongols of Marco Polo's time.

They were a strange people, these Mongols; highly efficient in some ways, and almost childish in other matters. Even their ferocity and cruelty, shocking as it was, has a childish element in it. It is this childishness in them, I think, that makes these fierce warriors rather attractive.[page 225]

The Mongols encouraged scholars from other places because they had very open minds and wanted to learn from others. [page 225]

July 9, 1932

In Letter 74,"The Break-up of the Mongol Empires", Nehru begins his direction comparison of the Mongols and the Europeans, and he shows that in many regards the Mongols had a much more sophisticated civilization than Europe. He writes that with the end of the Middle Ages, Europe seems to be bustling with activity and creative effort.

Her people, after being cooped up in their little countries for centuries, burst out and cross the wide oceans and go to the uttermost corners of the world. But what were the kings and emperors of Europe compared to even a general of the Great Khan? [page 244]

The Mongols did not bother to take Europe. They went back of their own accord to elect a new Khan and they did not come back. Western Europe was too far away from their homelands in Mongolia. Perhaps also it did not attract them because it was woody country and they were used to the wide open plains and steppes. In any event Western Europe saved itself from the Mongols not by any valour of its own, but by the indifference and the preoccupations of the Mongols. [page 245] The conquest of Constantinople marked the beginning of the Renaissance for Europe. [page 245]

In the course of our wanderings through past ages we have seen many invasions of Europe by Asia. There were some invasions of Asia by Europe, but they were of little moment. Alexander went across Asia to India without any great result. The Romans never went beyond Mesopotamia. Europe, on the other hand, was repeatedly overrun by Asiatic tribes from the earliest times. Of these Asiatic invasions the Ottoman invasion of Europe was the last.[page 245]

It is well to remember this, as some people, ignorant of history, imagine that Europe has always bossed it over Asia.[page 246]

Chengiz Khan and his Mongols were cruel and destructive, but they were like others of their time. But Timur was much worse. He stands apart for wanton and fiendish cruelty. In one place, it is said, he erected a tower of 2000 live men and covered them up with brick and mortar! [page 247]

July 12, 1932

In letter 75, "India begins to tackle a difficult problem", Nehru discusses the topic that interested so many of the Western scholars: The destruction of life and property by the Mongol army.

He very clearly shows the reader that the destruction of the Mongols wars was very small when viewed on the global scale.

The destruction of life and property caused by Chengiz Khan or Timur, great as it was, pales almost into insignificance before the destruction of the Great War of 1914-18. And every Mongol cruelty can be rivaled by modern instances of frightfulness.[page 249]

September 15, 1932

Nehru concludes his consideration of the Mongols in Letter 93, "A Great Manchu ruler in China".

The rapid weakening and decay of the Mongols in Asia is one of the strange facts of history. These people, who thundered across Asia and Europe, and conquered the greater part of the known world under Chengiz and his descendants, sink into oblivion. Under Timur they rose again for a while, but his empire died with him..... The Mongol race, right across Asia from Russia to its homeland in Mongolia, decayed and lost all importance. Why it did so, no one seems to know. Some suggest that changes in climate has something to do with it; others are of a different opinion.

After the break-up of the Mongol Empire the overland routes across Asia were closed up for nearly 200 years. [page 330]
 
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Ich habe eine komische Frage.

Neulich habe ich in einem Chat-room diskutiert. Es ging um Dschingis Khan.

Einer behauptete:

Es gab ueberhaupt keinen Dschingis Khan und alles sei spaeter erfunden worden. <Geheime Geschichte der Mongolen> ist z.B Ende des 19.JH von einem Russen entdeckt worden und die Chronik ist mehr Epos als Geschichte. Sowas kann nicht als Primaerquelle anerkannt werden. Und <Jami' at-tawarikh> von Rashid ad-Din ist von einer englischen Firma auch im 19.JH in Indien entdeckt worden. Daher ist es auch keine Primaerquelle und wenn schon dann ist es ungefaehr 1330 geschrieben worden und daher nicht glaubwuerdig. Laut Rubruks Reisebericht war Karakorum in Zungaria und neben Altai not in heutiger Mongolei. Rubruck hat aber den Dschingis nicht gesehen, gesprochen und getroffen sondern nur Legenden von ihm gehoert und seinen angeblichen Nachfahren gesehen. Carpini ebenfalls.

Dschingis Khan ist ein Mythos wie Priester John. Man hat damals plundernde Nomaden(meistens Tuerken) mit der Legende zusammengabracht und daraus ist Dschingis khan entstanden. Spaeter Khublai, Huelgu etc haben diesen Mythos benutzt und sich als Nachfahren von Dschingis angegeben. Die Schrift auf sogennatem <Dschingis' Stein> kann nicht beweisen, dass es wirklich im 13.JH geschrieben wurde, denn die Methode C14(habe ich richtig geschrieben?) klappt nur mit Papier, Textilien, Holz, etc aber nicht mit Stein.

Daher wollte ich euch fragen:

Was ist eure Argumente oder Gegenargumente dafuer, dass es Dschingis Khan wirklich gab? Welche Primaerquellen sind fuer euch am glaubwurdigsten? Was ist die aelteste Quelle ueber Dschingis Khan?
 
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Dschingis Khan bedeutet in etwa: "der mächtigste Khan".
Einen Dschingis Khan gab es daher theoretisch nicht, sondern mehrere...
Als "Dschingis Khan" wird aber allgemein der Herr Temudschin bezeichnet.
 
Lungos schrieb:
Dschingis Khan bedeutet in etwa: "der mächtigste Khan".
In der (neu)mongolischen Sprache gibt es kein Wort "Dschingis". Es gibt aber ein Wort "Tengis", das Meer/Ozean bedeutet. Daher übersetzen manche Leute "Dschingis Khan" als "Ozeangleicher Herrscher". Meinst du das mit "der mächtigste Khan"?
 
Naja, meiner Meinung nach konnte keiner bislang erklaeren was Dschingis bedeutet. Manche behaupten Dschingis = Tengis(Meer). Tschao Hun, ein Gesandter aus Song Dynastie zum mongolischen General Muqali(er war damals in Nordchina), hat in seinem Reisebericht im Jahre 1221 geschrieben, dass das Wort Dschingis stammt aus dem Chinesischen "vom Himmel unterstutzt". Ich habe auch gelesen, dass es in der altmongolischen Religion ein Himmel namens "Tschinis" gab.
 
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Ich habe einmal in einem Wartezimmer beim Arzt in einer Zeitschrift von einem Gesandten aus Europa gelesen, der zu Dschingis Khan geschickt wurde und von dort auch Berichte nach Hause brachte. Vielleicht wären diese Berichte interessant für Dich als Belege für eine Existenz des Temüdschin als Dschingis Kahn.
Leider kann ich Dir auch nicht genau sagen, wo ich es gefunden habe. (Ich glaube aber es war ein päpstlicher oder einfach ein kirchlicher Abgesandter.)
 
War es der paepstlcihe Abgesandter Plano de Carpini? Falls ja, dann ist es nicht Dschingis sondern sein Enkelsohn Mongke Khan.
 
Tut mir leid, ich kann Dir wirklich nicht sagen, wer dieser Gesandter weiß. Ich kann mich nur noch an das allgemeine Thema und das Titelbild des Artikels in der Zeitung erinnern. ;)
 
Ich glaube der war es nicht. Der Name kommt mir nicht bekannt vor, ebenso wenig wie Mongke Kahn. Ich kenne nur noch den Kublai Kahn.
 
mangus schrieb:
War es der paepstlcihe Abgesandter Plano de Carpini? Falls ja, dann ist es nicht Dschingis sondern sein Enkelsohn Mongke Khan.

Ich habe verwechselt: Plano Carpini hat in Karakorum Guyuk Khan besucht(Dschingis's Enkelsohn).
 
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Rafael schrieb:
Tut mir leid, ich kann Dir wirklich nicht sagen, wer dieser Gesandter weiß. Ich kann mich nur noch an das allgemeine Thema und das Titelbild des Artikels in der Zeitung erinnern. ;)

Wenn es Johannes de Plano Carpini nicht war, dann vielleicht Wilhelm von Rubruk. Der war ebenfalls Mönch und als päpstlicher Gesandter im Mongolenreich. Zu ihm könnte auch die Angabe passen, daß er "Berichte nach Hause brachte".

Bei Dschingis Khan war aber keiner von beiden und auch sonst kein päpstlicher Gesandter.

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_de_Plano_Carpini
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Rubruk
 
Erwischt. Jedenfalls kenne ich Wilhelm von Rubruk, ein sehr lustiger und interessanter Name ;).

Mönke Khan aber sagt mir überhaupt nichts, habe wohl nur mit einem Auge gelesen.
 
Zu der Bedeutung der Bezeichnung sagt Wikipedia:

  • Dschingis Khan entstand aus der chinesisch-türkischen Zusammensetzung chêng-sze khan (aus chinesisch chêng-sze: „edler Reiter/Ritter“ und alttürkisch khan: „Herrscher“) mit der Bedeutung: „Herrscher der edlen Reiter“
  • Dschingis Khan wurde aus dem rein alttürkischen tengis khan (tengis: „Meer“) gebildet und hätte dann die Bedeutung von: „Herrscher der Meere“, „Ozeangleicher Herrscher“ oder „Herrscher zwischen den Weltmeeren“ (Weltherrscher).
Link: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschingis_Khan
 
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